Vampires
have captivated the attention of readers, writers, and critics for
centuries. As literary figures, vampires fascinate due to the
powerful but subtle manner in which they reflect upon a particular
societal order—its precepts, prohibitions, and fears—and thus
make visible the cultural and social dynamics in relation to the
individual subject. The transgression they embody marks cultural,
social, and personal boundaries and, time and again, offers
alternatives to dichotomous constructions of these categories.
Uncovering the limits of the social order through attacking,
challenging, and eluding them, the vampire reveals their production,
their failures and silences, their gaps. As a result, the disguise of
the social as the ‘natural’ order of things and the relations of
power through which it maintains itself become discernible. It is in
this sense that the vampire always also opens up possibilities of
subversion and deconstruction of these boundaries: of seemingly fixed
categories of the societal. In this game of social power, it is
language which constitutes the essential instrument of challenge and
collaboration, signifying both the speakable and the unspeakable, and
ultimately revealing the constructedness of the social order.
Language is, moreover, crucial in negotiating and locating the
so-called individual subject, and its (im)possible positions of power
within the social world.
A “Truth Like This”: Language and the Construction of Power and Knowledge in Vampire Fiction
Issue:
4 (2011)Pages: 109-130
Abstract: The
paper examines the relationship between power, knowledge, and
language in Bram Stoker’s Dracula and Stephenie Meyer’s
Twilight from the vantage point of discourses on vampirism.
Based on Michel Foucault’s notion of power as a localized,
ubiquitous, and heterogeneous set of social strategies, it discusses
the constitutive role of language in the construction of power
relationships, focusing on gender and sexual relationships in both
novels. In Dracula, the patriarchal system functions as a
dominant discourse which prescribes legitimate sexual relations for
women, while vampirism threatens this order by pointing out its gaps
and inconsistencies. Revealing the ‘in-between’ of this order’s
dichotomous relations, the rupture of its supposed coherence and
‘naturalness’ manifests itself through the notion of desire.
Desire shares important features with language, as it is
characterized by difference and deferral. Despite its appearance as
an alternative social order, the interplay between power, knowledge,
and language in Twilight suggests similar restrictions to
female sexuality. This discourse on vampirism and sexuality is
constructed by Edward and Bella, but is decisively mediated through
Bella’s narrative voice. Their collaboration establishes a
relationship of power which casts Bella in a state of weakness and
submissiveness but also shows how language and knowledge may
transform power relationships.